Issue 4 (73)
| MUMMIFIED BURIAL OF A CHILD FROM THE SARYG-BULUN BURIAL GROUND (CENTRAL TUVA). NEW DATA FROM ARCHAEOLOGY, RADIOGRAPHY, ANTHROPOLOGY AND GENETICS | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 2021 | Number | 4(73) |
| Pages | 6-18 | Type | scientific article |
| UDC | 903.5(571.52)“638” | BBK | 63.442.7(253.5) |
| Authors | Kilunovskaya Marina E. Semenov Vladimir A. Busova Varvara S. Mustafin Kharis Kh. Alborova Irina E. Potrakhov Nikolai N. Staroverov Nikolai E. Mednikova Maria B. |
Topic | SOCIAL BIOARCHAEOLOGY |
| Summary | In 1988 on the right bank of the Yenisei River in Central Tuva, two burial mounds from the Saryg-Bulun burial ground were excavated. Burial ¹ 5 attracted special attention of archaeologists — it contained the partially mummified remains of a child with a rich and unusual inventory (bow, quiver with arrows, a hat, engraving on a wooden handle) in a wooden block. A recent genetic analysis made it possible to establish, contrary to expectations, the female sex of an individual. Over the years, thanks to the development of natural scientific methods, it was possible to gradually obtain new data on the life and death of this girl. The article presents the results of an examination of the mummy by the method of microfocus digital radiography and a new paleogenetic study, which made it possible to determine the child’s mitochondrial haplogroup (D4g2, which is widespread in East and Central Asia). The rich grave goods indicate the high status. Her biological age was determined — 6–7 years. Indicators of physiological stress (Harris lines), the presence of noticeable physical exertion on the belt of the upper extremities during the child’s life, and rickets were revealed. Radiography made it possible to detect artifacts invisible during a superficial examination, for example, a knife that was previously unnoticed in the deck. Genetic data are consistent with observations on the possible horizontal flattening of the girl’s facial skeleton and the spatula-like shape of her upper incisor. The applied methods and the results obtained allow authors to look in a new light at the issues of the genesis of the Aldy-Bel culture and the theme of childhood in the early Scythian time. | ||
| Keywords | Early Iron Age, Tuva, mummy, microfocus radiography, ñhildhood bioarchaeology, paleopathology, paleogenetics, mtDNA, targeted NGS | ||
| References |
Alekseev A. Yu., Bokovenko N. A., Vasiliev S. S. et al. Evraziya v skifskuyu epokhu: radiouglerodnaya i arkheologicheskaya khronologiya [Eurasia in the Scythian era: radiocarbon and archaeological chronology]. Saint Petersburg: Teza Publ., 2005. (in Russ.). Antropoekologiya Tsentral’noy Azii [Anthropoecology of Central Asia]. Moscow: Nauchnyy Mir Publ., 2005. (in Russ.). Balanovsky O. P. Genofond Evropy [The genofund of Europe]. Moscow: Tov-vo nauchn. izdaniy KMK Publ., 2015. (in Russ.). Buzhilova A. P., Dobrovolskaya M. V., Mednikova M. B. et al. [Application of microfocus radiography in the diagnosis of diseases of ancient humans]. Peterburgskiy zhurnal elektroniki [Petersburg Electronics Journal], 2008, no. 2-3, pp. 152–162. (in Russ.). Chikisheva T. A. Dinamika antropologicheskoy differentsiatsii naseleniya yuga Zapadnoy Sibiri v epokhi neolita — rannego zheleza [Dynamics of anthropological differentiation of the population of the south of Western Siberia in the Neolithic — Early Iron Age]. Novosibirsk: IAiEt RAN Publ., 2012. (in Russ.). Chugunov K. V. [Arzhan-2: reconstruction of the stages of functioning of the funeral-memorial complex and some questions of its chronology]. Rossiyskiy arkheologicheskiy yezhegodnik [Russian archaeological yearbook]. Saint Petersburg: Izd-vo Sankt-Peterb. gos. un-ta Publ., 2011, no. 1, pp. 262–335. (in Russ.). Chugunov K. V. [The Scythian time Bronze arrowheads of Tuva]. Mirovozzreniye. Arkheologiya. Ritual. Kul’tura [Worldview. Archaeology. Ritual. Culture]. Saint Petersburg: Izd-vo SPb un-ta Publ., 2000, pp. 215–234. (in Russ.). Chugunov K. V. [Discreteness of the construction of “royal” memorials in Tuva and the chronology of the early Scythian time]. “Terra Scythica”. Materialy mezhdunarodnogo simpoziuma “Terra Scythica” [“Terra Scythica”. Materials of the international symposium “Terra Scythica”]. Novosibirsk: IAET SO RAN Publ., 2011, pp. 358–369. (in Russ.). Chugunov K. V. [Classification of arrows by K. F. Smirnov and quiver sets of the Early Scythian time of the eastern zone as a chronological indicator]. Skifiya i Sarmatiya. K 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya K. F. Smirnova [Scythia and Sarmatia. To the 100th anniversary of the birth of K. F. Smirnov]. Moscow: IA RAN Publ., 2019, pp. 31–44. (in Russ.). Chugunov K. V., Parzinger G., Nagler A. Tsarskiy kurgan skifskogo vremeni Arzhan-2 v Tuve [The royal mound of the Scythian time Arzhan-2 in Tuva]. Novosibirsk: IAET SO RAN Publ., 2017. (in Russ.). Dabney J., Knapp M., Glocke I. et al. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, vol. 110, iss. 39, pp. 15758–15763. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314445110 (in English). Etnicheskaya odontologiya SSSR [Ethnic odontology of the USSR]. Moscow; Leningrad: Nauka Publ., 1979. (in Russ.). Gindhardt P. Growth standards for the tibia and radius in children aged one month through eighteen years. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1973, vol. 39, iss. 1, pp. 41–48. (in English). Goderhard E., Schellenberg H. M. [The bows of the Scythian time]. Chugunov K. V., Parzinger G., Nagler A. Tsarskiy kurgan skifskogo vremeni Arzhan-2 v Tuve [Chugunov K. V., Parzinger G., Nagler A. The royal mound of the Scythian time Arzhan-2 in Tuva]. Novosibirsk: IAET SO RAN Publ., 2017, pp. 220–232. (in Russ.). Grach A. D. [New data on the ancient history of Tuva]. Uchenyye zapiski Tuvinskogo Nauchno-issledovatel’skogo instituta yazyka, literatury i istorii [Proceedings of the Tuva Scientific Research Institute of Language, Literature and History]. Kyzyl: Tuv. kn. izd-vo Publ., 1971, iss. 15, pp. 93–106. (in Russ.). Juras A., Chyleński M., Krenz-Niedbała M. et al. Investigating kinship of Neolithic post-LBK human remains from Krusza Zamkowa, Poland using ancient DNA. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 2017, vol. 26, pp. 30–39. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.10.008 (in English). Kilunovskaya M. E., Semenov Vl. A., Busova V. S. et al. [The unique burial of a child of early Scythian time at the cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)]. Stratum plus. Arkheologiya i kul’turnaya antropologiya [Stratum Plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology], 2020, no. 3, pp. 379–406. (in Russ.). Kustova Yu. G. Rebenok i detstvo v traditsionnoy kul’ture khakasov [Child and childhood in the traditional culture of the Khakass]. Saint Petersburg: “Peterburgskoye Vostokovedeniye” Publ., 2000. (in Russ.). Liversidge H. M., Herdeg B., Rosing F. W. Dental estimation in non-adults. A review of methods and principles. Dental Anthroplogy, Fundamentals, Limits and Prospects. Vienna: Springer, 1998, pp. 419–422. (in English). Maresh M. M. Measurements from roentgenograms. Human growth and development. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas, 1970, pp. 157–200. (in English). Marsadolov L. S. [Salbyk’s cultural and chronological stage in the history of ancient Khakassia]. Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy [Theory and Practice of Archaeological Research], 2015, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 7–31. DOI: 10.14258/tpai(2015)1(11).-01 (in Russ.). Mary L., Zvenigorosky V., Kovalev A. et al. Genetic kinship and admixture in Iron Age Scytho-Siberians. Human Genetics, 2019, vol. 138 (4), pp. 411–423. DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02002-y (in English). Mathieson I., Lazaridis I., Rohland N. et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature, 2015, vol. 528, iss. 7583, pp. 499–503. DOI: 10.1038/nature16152 (in English). Mednikova M. B. Bioarkheologiya detstva v kontekste rannezemledel’cheskikh kul’tur Balkan, Kavkaza i Blizhnego Vostoka [Bioarchaeology of childhood in the context of early agricultural cultures of the Balkans, the Caucasus and the Middle East]. Moscow: Club Print Publ., 2017. (in Russ.). Mednikova M. B., Engovatova A. V., Tarasova A. A. [Diachronic changes in life-quality of the population of Yaroslavl in the 13th–17th centuries based on radiological data]. Rossiyskaya arkheologiya [Russian Archaeology], 2015, no. 3, pp. 94–106. (in Russ.). Molodin V. I., Parzinger G., Tseveendorzh D. Zamorzshiye pogrebal’nyye kompleksy pazyrykskoy kul’tury na yuzhnykh sklonakh Saylyugema (Mongol’skiy Altay) [Frozen burial complexes of the Pazyryk culture on the Saylyugem southern slopes (Mongolian Altai)]. Moscow: “Triumf print” Publ., 2012. (in Russ.). Murphy E. M., Schulting R., Beer N. et al. Iron Age pastoral nomadism and agriculture in the eastern Eurasian steppe: implications from dental palaeopathology and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2013, vol. 40, iss. 5, pp. 2547–2560. DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.09.038 (in English). Potrakhov N. N., Gryaznov A. Yu., Zhamova K. K., Bessonov V. B., Potrakhov Yu. N. [Microfocus X-ray: research results of the St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University “LETI” named after V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin)]. Territoriya NDT [Territory NDT], 2016, no. 3, pp. 54–57. (in Russ.). Rudenko S. I. Kul’tura naseleniya Tsentral’nogo Altaya v skifskoye vremya [Culture of the Central Altai population in the Scythian time]. Moscow; Leningrad: AN SSSR Publ., 1960. (in Russ.). Savinov D. G. Ranniye kochevniki Verkhnego Yeniseya. Arkheologicheskiye kul’tury i kul’turogenez [Early nomads of the Upper Yenisei. Archaeological cultures and cultural genesis]. Saint Petersburg: Izd-vo SPb un-ta Publ., 2002. (in Russ.). Semenov Vl. A., Kilunovskaya M. E. [New sites of the early Iron Age in Tuva]. Informatsionnyy byulleten’ Mezhdunarodnoy assotsiatsii po izucheniyu kul’tur Tsentral’noy Azii [Information Bulletin of the International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central Asia]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1990, iss. 17, pp. 36–47. (in Russ.). Staroverov N. E. Gryaznov A. Yu., Potrakhov N. N., Kholopova E. D., Guk K. K. New Methods for Digital Processing of Microfocus X-Ray Images. Biomedical Engineering, 2019, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 435–438. DOI: 10.1007/s10527-019-09864-6 (in English). Sunduy G. V. Mir detstva kochevoy Azii: opyt dukhovno-nravstvennogo vospitaniya [The childhood world of nomadic Asia: the experience of spiritual and moral education]. Kyzyl: In-t razvitiya nats. shk.; Tuvinskoye kn. izd-vo Publ., 2009. (in Russ.). Ubelaker D. H. Human skeletal remains: excavation, analysis, interpretation. Washington, D.C.: Taraxacum, 1989. (in English). Vadetskaya E. B. Arkheologicheskiye pamyatniki v stepyakh srednego Yeniseya [Archaeological sites in the steppes of the middle Yenisei]. Leningrad: Nauka Publ., 1986. (in Russ.). Viktorova L. L. [The system of socialization of children and adolescents among the Mongols, the ways and reasons for the transformation of its elements]. Etnografiya detstva. Traditsionnyye formy vospitaniya detey i podrostkov u narodov Vostochnoy i Yugo-Vostochnoy Azii [Ethnography of childhood. Traditional forms of upbringing of children and adolescents among the peoples of East and Southeast Asia]. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura Publ., 1983, pp. 51–72. (in Russ.). |
||
| Download in PDF | |||
